Wallace, The name of the community was changed to Lyall from Garson from to to honour the company president Garson and District History Book Committee, , p. In July , Parks , p. Equipment at the quarry included: channellers, drills, jackhammers, a compressor, 5 derrick and a Marion steam shovel. Also, on the property were 6 draw kilns, in which waste rock was converted into lime. Dressed stone was worked in foot by foot mill building with a crane gantry, cranes, gang saws, diamond saws, rubbing bed, planers, lathes, hammer machine, compressor and pneumatic rods.
Parks listed the following buildings, as being completed using the output of the quarry:. Wallace Sandstone Quarries, Limited was contracted to supply stone in the reconstruction of the Centre Block. Tyndall Stone was used for the walls of corridors, entrance halls, main and first floors Commons and Senate Chambers; Confederation Hall and Hall of Honour Lawrence, , p. In , the mill building was destroyed by fire and quarrying ceased Mineral Inventory Card No.
A plant was developed in an old icehouse; and they began shipping rubble to a paper mill in Kenora. Then, they began production of building stone using a channeling machine; and in , with a diamond saw with cm.
This marked the first quarry use of a diamond saw in the Garson District, which greatly increased production Bannatyne, , p. Architectural stone from the quarry was used in the Museum of Natural History in Regina.
The quarry ceased production in ; and the property was sold to Gillis Quarries Limited in Garson and District History Book Committee, , p. William Garson also was one of the pioneers who founded Winnipeg Hydro Parks, , p. Dressed and rough building stone; fine rubble for concrete; dressed ornamental stone for tombstones ; and quick-setting quick lime for mortar and plaster were produced at the quarry.
A spur line from the Canadian Pacific Railway mainline at Tyndall, Manitoba provided access to the quarry, according to Wells , p. After 3 years, Western Stone Co. In , the Tyndall Quarry was feet long, east-west; with a maximum width of feet.
The active area at the west end of the quarry was feet square and was worked to a depth of 22 feet. The quarry had a capacity of 50, cubic feet of stone per month. Eighty men were employed during the quarrying season including 25 quarrymen Goudge, , p.
Around , the Tyndall Quarry was 1, feet long, east-west; with a maximum width of feet. Tyndall Quarry Co. Winnipeg Stone Co. Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg Brisbin et al. Sir Daniel McMillan's residence, Winnipeg. In , G. According to Parks , p. Equipment at the quarry to produce quarry blocks comprised: a compressor, 2 derricks, steam channeller, jackhammers, hammer drills, rock drills, steam shovel.
Four draw kilns producing lime were also on the site. After the sale of Western Stone Co. In , signed contracts for St.
Roch Church, Quebec City; T. Those burrowing patterns, now deposited with dolomite, created the rare and unique limestone, known as Tyndall stone, that was used on buildings in Manitoba and throughout Western Canada. For about two years, Auld, with the support of the Winnipeg Architectural Foundation, has been cataloguing buildings with Tyndall stone and tracking its spread across the country.
She began the project after finding out no such research or catalogue existed for the stone. In , several quarries were cutting the stone and shipping it out to builders via locomotives at the Canadian Pacific Railway depot in Tyndall, Man.
The last project supplied by rail was the Museum of Civilization in Auld explained with the name Tyndall on shipping documents, builders began to refer to it as such. But soon its use spread beyond the province. Auld said she has been able to track much of its use by researching business connections across Canada.
She believes that not only was the unique pattern probably desirable, but the quality of the limestone and the early development of large Manitoba quarries probably boosted its spread. Early Tyndall buildings used it as structural stone but its main contemporary use is cladding.
Today, Gillis Quarries is the sole provider of Tyndall stone. Auld said only 20 per cent of all the Tyndall stone has been quarried. Gillis uses eight-foot diamond tipped quarry saws run on foot tracks to cut three feet into the Tyndall stone beds. After the saw cuts are made, the stone in the divided strips is raised from the deposit with wedges and then split into six or eight tonne blocks by drilling and wedging. Tyndall Stone is quarried from Garson, Manitoba, which is located 37 km northeast of Winnipeg.
The Garson deposit was opened in , although the first record of construction with Tyndall Stone extends even further back to , when it was used to build the fort warehouse and walls of Lower Fort Garry in Manitoba. Tyndall Stone acquired its name from Tyndall, the closet railway point to Garson.
A total of five pits were developed in the area by various firms over the years, but only two remain in operation. Gillis Quarries Limited started working the stone in , acquired the property soon after and continues to this day to supply Tyndall Stone. Gillis Quarries Limited remains a family-operated business, and the company is involved in all aspects of the extraction and fabrication of Tyndall Stone. At the beginning, Winnipeg and nearby areas were the principal market for Tyndall Stone, but soon after, the stone saw much more widespread use.
Tyndall Stone is a widespread dolomitic limestone that formally belongs to the Selkirk Member of the Red River Formation. The formation is exposed in the Manitoba outcrop belt, and similar, correlative rocks are also known from the subsurface of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Tyndall Stone occurs in the lower half of the Selkirk Member, which is 43 m thick. Figures 1 and 2: These two photographs of fossiliferous Tyndall Stone demonstrate the characteristic dark mottles offset against the lighter-coloured background.
Two large Maclurites snails M and the problematical fossil Receptaculites R , sometimes referred to as the 'sunflower coral', are clearly shown in Figure 1. There is a penny in the upper left of the photograph for scale.
Figure 2 shows a longitudinal view through an ellesmeroceratid nautiloid N and a high-spired snail, Hormotoma H. There is a penny in lower left of the photograph for scale. Photographs were provided courtesy of Dr.
Brian Pratt, University of Saskatchewan. Tyndall Stone dramatically illustrates the impressive diversity of organisms that inhabited Ordovician seas approximately million years ago. Intact and fragmented nautiloids, corals, stromatoporoids, bryozoans, crinoids, trilobites, brachiopods, gastropods, bivalves and calcareous algae all abound Figs.
Some fossils, especially nautiloids, corals and stromatoporoids, can reach impressive sizes up to several tens of centimetres, but sizes of a few centimetres or less are more typical. Although geologists and collectors might be most inclined to view the most fossiliferous rocks as the most intriguing part of Tyndall Stone, it is interesting to note that product specifications for cut dimension stone see below state that 'fossils and other natural markings are permitted only to the extent that they do not disfigure finished appearance.
The wide range of fossil organisms, combined with paleomagnetic information, indicate that this area of Manitoba was a relatively warm, inland sea that just south of the Ordovician paleoequator. The shallow, warm waters of the Bahamas Banks are a reasonable modern-day analog for the paleoenvironment of the Tyndall Stone, although the ancient seas that covered much of the continent during the Ordovician were significantly larger than the Bahama Banks.
The mottles mentioned above are the defining characteristic of Tyndall Stone, which is available in two distinct shades - buff 'a light creamy beige with pastel brown mottling' and grey 'a pale bluish grey with grey-brown mottling'. A third colour, 'golden buff' is sometimes available in limited amounts. In three dimensions, the mottles in Tyndall Stone are seen to be irregularly branching to dendritic cylindrical structures up to 3 cm in diameter, usually sharply offset from the surrounding lighter-coloured rock.
The mottles penetrate the rock in all directions but they mostly extend and branch parallel to bedding. Tyndall Stone is usually dressed finished parallel to bedding to maximize the radiating and dendritic branching patterns of mottles.
What are these mottles? The Gillis Quarries Limited web site claims that 'No satisfactory explanation can be given for the formation of the mottling which intersects through the mass like a sponge network giving structural reinforcement to the stone.
Early studies of Tyndall Stone and similar rocks suggested that such mottles were probably algal in origin.
Geologists now widely agree, however, that the mottles represent burrows made while the sediment was still soft on the ancient sea floor. Burrows, along with tracks and trails, are types of traces left in a sediment by a variety of organisms, such as worms or crustaceans, as they forage for food, escape from predators, develop living shelters, travel, or simply rest on the sea floor.
When lithified, these markings are recognized as 'trace fossils'. Trace fossils contrast with the better known 'body fossils', such as corals, gastropods and trilobites, to name a few, because the latter are actually the skeletal remains of an organism. Because trace fossils reflect the behavior of an organism rather than an actual biological part, in many cases the identity of the originator of a trace marking is uncertain.
Figure 3. Sketch of the burrowing shrimp Callianassa. Diagram is modified from Friedman et al. In modern environments, traces similar to those observed in the Tyndall Stone are made by a number of marine organisms, including anemones and fish, to name a few, but most importantly by decapod crustaceans e. Visitors to the warm waters of the Caribbean might recall small, conical mounds that dot the shallow sea bottom.
These mounds are the surface expression of a complex gallery of branching burrows below the sediment surface that are maintained by the ghost shrimp. Figure 4. Schematic representation of the three-dimensional boxwork of Thalassinoides traces. Diagram is modified from Ekdale et al. Similar branching cylindrical burrow systems are seen in the rock record Fig.
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